1.10 describe these experimental techniques for the separation of mixtures: • simple distillation • fractional distillation • filtration • crystallisation • paper chromatography

SIMPLE DISTILLATION Diagram Showing the Simple Distillation of a Mixture of Salt and Water

USE: To Separate a Liquid from a Solution (E.g Water from a Solution of Salt Water)

EXPLANATION: Solution is Heated and Water Vapours will Rise and Evaporate Water Vapours will Pass through the Condenser, where it Cools and Condenses, turning into a Liquid that will be Collected in a Beaker After All the Water is Evaporated from the Solution, the Solute will be Left Behind

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

Diagram Showing the Fractional Distillation of a Mixture of Ethanol and Water

USE: To Separate Two or More Liquids that are Miscible with One Another (E.g Ethanol and Water from a Mixture of the Two)

EXPLANATION: Solution is Heated at Temperature of Substance with the Lowest Boiling Point This Substance will Rise and Evaporate, and Vapours will Pass through a Condenser, where it Cools and Condenses, turning into a Liquid that will be Collected in a Beaker All of this Substance is Evaporated and Collected, Leaving Behind a Mixture or a Substance

FILTRATION

Diagram Showing the Filtration of a Mixture of Sand and Water

USE: To Separate an Undissolved Solid from a Mixture of the Solid and a Liquid / Solution ( E.g Sand from a mixture of Sand and Water)

EXPLANATION: Filter Paper is Placed in a Filter Funnel Above Another Beaker Mixture of Insoluble Solid and Liquid is Poured into the Filter Funnel Filter Paper will Only Allow Small Liquid Particles to Pass Through as the Filtrate Solid Particles are Too Large to Pass Through the Filter Paper so will Stay Behind as a Residue

CRYSTALLIZATION

Diagram Showing the Process of Crystallization

USE: To Separate a Dissolved Solid from a Solution, When the Solid is Much More Soluble in Hot Solvent than in Cold (E.g Copper (II) Sulphate from a Solution of Copper (II) Sulphate in Water)

EXPLANATION: Solution is Heated, Allowing the Solvent to Evaporate to Leave a Saturated Solution Saturated Solution is Allowed to Cool and Solids will Come Out of the Solution and Crystals will Grow Crystals are Collected and Allowed to Dry

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

Diagram Showing the Paper Chromatography of Ink and Plant Dye

USE: To Separate Substances that have Different Solubilities in a Given Solvent (E.g Different Coloured Inks that have been Mixed to Make Black Ink)

EXPLANATION: Pencil Line is Drawn on Chromatography Paper and Spots of Ink / Dye is Placed on it Paper is Lowered into a Bucket of Solvent, Allowing the Solvent to Travel Up the Paper, Taking some of the Coloured Substances with it Different Substances will have Different Solubilities so will Travel at Different Rates, Causing the Substances to Spread Apart This will show the Different Components of the Ink / Dye - https://igcse-chemistry-2017.blogspot.ae/search?q=1.10